Destroying Your Health By Smoking Cigarettes :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Destroying Your Health By Smoking Cigarettes If you really want to ruin your health then smoking cigarettes is one of the best ways I know how to do it. Smoking cigarettes cause lung cancer, emphysema, and the one thing that most people notice right off hand is bad breath. If you are into destroying your health, I want you to follow these step so that you can be on your way to an unhappy and unhealthy life, number one buy the cigarettes, number two smoke them, and number three this one is really important never ever quit smoking. I have found that most people who want to destroy themselves quickly will smoke a no filtered brand of cigarettes, so let say you picked out the brand Pallmall-Reds. I understand these are one of the strongest brands of cigarettes you can buy. Yes, there are plenty of other brands of cigarettes out there but why bother going threw all that money to pick the right one when you can take my word on it? These are really strong cigarettes. How do I know, because take one out and look at it, you will notice that there is no filter on the end of it. Due to no filter you will get none of the toxins filtered Without filtering out some of the toxins you will destroy yourself quicker; that is the goal we are seeking, is it not? Lets take out one of our friends (we will call them that to be funny) and look at it. It is about five to six inches in length, maybe a half inch wide with little brown things that look somewhat like coffee grounds inside a thin white paper cylinder. Smell it, a significant number of people actually enjoy the way tobacco products smell, but they will not smoke them. I myself find that ominously odd. Now smoking the cigarette is very important. If you do not smoke it you will not reach your goal to destroy your health. So let us begin with the lighting of the cigarette. Place the cigarette in your mouth, just the tip of it. Do not bother with looking to put the filtered end in your mouth, because if you remember there is no filter on is brand of cigarette. After you have placed our friend in your mouth you will need to tilt your head. Tilting is something most people do when â€Å"lighting up," this process is what majority of people do. Now when you tilt your head it really does not make a difference

Existentialism: Does Life Have Meaning? Essay

Most people would like to think that their life has some kind of meaning or purpose. However how this meaning in life is obtained can cause some differing views. One may believe that they were born with a purpose in life and the other may believe that it is their own responsibility to give their own life meaning. While the first belief may be the preferred option, it doesn’t seem very practical. Existentialists believe that one must give meaning to their own life, which in all reality seems to be the truth. In the novels Their Eyes Were Watching God, Crime and Punishment, The Awakening, The Stranger, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, the existential view that the individual is responsible for giving their own life meaning is confirmed through the character’s actions, pressures of society, and the overall meanings of the works. The behaviors of the characters in these various novels help explain their search for meaning in life. In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Nora Zeal Hurston, the main character Janie is on a search for her true purpose in life. She spent her whole life being controlled by her grandmother and her first two husbands, and now that she is living her life with her third husband Teacakes, she is beginning to discover her true potential. Janie is always trying to serve the men in her life so much to the point that she belittles herself into having no meaning to her own life. Janie began to try to find her own meaning in life early in the novel. In chapter two it states, â€Å"Janie was stretched on her back beneath the pear tree soaking in the alto chant of the visiting bees, the gold of the sun and the panting breath of the breeze when the inaudible voice of it all came to her. She saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom; the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree from root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight. So this was a marriage! She had been summoned to behold a revelation. Then Janie felt a pain remorseless sweet that left her limp and languid. † At this point Janie realizes that it is her own responsibility to create her own purpose in life and she sets out to do so. By the end of the novel, Janie realizes that she can only depend on herself to be happy and she must put her own needs before the needs of others, thus finding her meaning of life. The actions of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard, seem to be a constant search for the meaning of life. In Act Three, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have a conversation after they realize that their mission they were sent on is now useless. They say, â€Å"Guildenstern: We’ve travelled too far, and our momentum has taken over; we move idly towards eternity, without possibility of reprieve or hope of explanation. Rosencrantz: Be happy—if you’re not even happy what’s so good about surviving? We’ll be all right. I suppose we just go on. † Guildenstern has clearly determined that life has no meaning to it at all and that he is just waiting for death. However, Rosencrantz recognizes that they must make their own meaning of life. Rosencrantz indicates that the fact that life as a whole does not have any obvious meaning does not mean that it is impossible for any individual life to have meaning. Rosencrantz’s response is an attempt to find meaning and purpose on precisely this individual level. When faced with the chaos of life, Rosencrantz decides that his personal purpose will be to seek pleasure for himself. They begin to realize that they must make their life meaningful on their own rather than by the expectations of others, supporting the existential view. Societal expectations play a big part on one’s quest to find the meaning of life. In the The Stranger by Albert Camus and Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the main characters are conflicted by the pressures of society and doing what they want to do. In The Stranger, Meursault kills a man on the beach and is going through a trial, where he is eventually sentenced to the death penalty. Meursault knows that society is against him and wants him to be put to death. However, Meursault doesn’t want to die. Like all people, Meursault comes to realize that he has been born, will die, and will have no further importance. Only after Meursault reaches this seemingly dismal realization is he able to attain happiness. When he fully comes to terms with the inevitability of death, he understands that it does not matter whether he dies by execution or lives to die a natural death at an old age. This understanding enables Meursault to put aside his fantasies of escaping execution by filing a successful legal appeal. Meursault sees that his hope for sustained life has been a burden. His liberation from this false hope of not being executed means he is free to live life for what it is, and to make the most of his remaining days. With this, Meursault discovers the existential view that it was his own responsibility to give his life meaning and he should stop worrying about societal pressures. Raskolnikov, the main character in Crime and Punishment, finds himself in a similar situation to Meursault. He murders two women and is now debating on whether to turn himself into the police or not. This ultimately leads to Raskolnikov’s existential crisis: to live or to die. In the novel Raskolnikov says â€Å"Where is it I’ve read that someone condemned to death says or think, an hour before his death, that if he had to live on some high rock, on such a narrow ledge that he’d only room to stand, and the ocean, everlasting darkness, everlasting solitude, everlasting tempest around him, if he had to remain standing on a square yard of space all his life, a thousand years, eternity, it were better to live so than to die at once! Only to live, to live and live! Life, whatever it may be! † This shows that by the end of the novel, Raskolnikov understands that he must make his life meaningful in order for him to want to live. He knows that he was born into this world with no meaning and he has to give himself a purpose in life to strive towards, no matter what society says. Society wants Raskolnikov to just get executed, but he decides to serve his time in person so that he could still make meaning in his life after he got out of prison. Raskolnikov came to understand that only he could fulfill his purpose in life and he must live in order to do so. In the novel The Awakening by Kate Chopin, the overall meaning of trying to find one’s true self helps support the existential belief of the responsibility of creating one’s purpose in life. Edna Pontellier is unhappy with her life and she begins to try to find a way out. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her. † She has this â€Å"awakening† where she realizes that she needs to stop living for everyone else and instead live for herself. Towards the end of the novel she says, â€Å"†I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn’t give myself. I can’t make it more clear; it’s only something which I am beginning to comprehend, which is revealing itself to me. † She has discovered that her meaning in life was not to be the perfect wife or mom, but to live for what is best for her. Edna knows that she needs to create her own meaning for her life so she decides to leave her old life behind and set out to do so. By the end of the novel, Edna commits suicide because she realizes that the only way she can escape her life that she is living for everyone else is just to end her life all together. All in all, the existential belief that one must create their own meaning in life is supported in the novels through the characters’ actions, societal pressures, and the overall meanings of the works. Many of the characters can teach the readers a lesson on how to live for oneself and not be influenced by the wants of others. One only has a single life, so they must make the most of it and create their own purpose in life in order to actually live. If one doesn’t live for their own meaning and purpose in life, then what is the point of living? It’s your choice, but just remember, you only live once.

Why Has The Concept of Sovereignty Proved Such a Powerful Political Concept - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2330 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Why has the concept of Sovereignty proved such a powerful political concept? Introduction That the concept of sovereignty still is a powerful concept can be seen with regard to European integration. The gradual transfer of core powers from EU member states to supranational institutions is a case in point, which consistently reveals the crucial importance of the concept of sovereignty: In the 2009 German Constitutional Court ruling on the Lisbon treaty, the court held that German state sovereignty cannot be transferred to a supranational level as it is ‘simply another name for German democracy’ (Koskenniemi 2010, 241, cf. Grimm 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Has The Concept of Sovereignty Proved Such a Powerful Political Concept" essay for you Create order Hence, the question emerges as to why the concept of sovereignty has been able to exert this long-lasting impact. I will argue that this is enabled by its becoming inextricably linked to notions of self-determination and democratic accountability. I will look at this argument from different perspectives, carving out a view on sovereignty as a concept which is fundamentally political, and which is powerful because it provides space for interpretation. My argument will operate against the backdrop of sovereignty conceived of as ‘supreme authority within a territory’ (Philpott 2014, n.p.). Throughout modernity sovereignty has been associated with the state, namely as a conditio sine qua non of the latter. This prevalence of the state is undergoing profound transformations since the second half of the twentieth century. Based on this observation I will explore how linking sovereignty to self-determination and democratic accountability is more relevant for explaining i ts success than to examine its link with the state. The first part thus analyses the historicity of the concept within the paradigm of state sovereignty, the second looks at its contemporary applicability beyond the state. I. Sovereignty and modernity According to Robert Jackson (2007), since the emergence of modernity in the early sixteenth century the concept of sovereignty became tied up to the notion of the supreme and independent state, which marks its connotation as a fundamentally ‘politicallegal term’ (Jackson 2007, 20). Sovereignty became a constitutive part of the state, closely related to its authority. Moreover, this association of sovereignty with the modern state enabled a shift in the ‘locus of sovereignty’ in the course of the following centuries up to the present day, ‘from rulers and dynasties to parliaments and estates or social classes, and then to the nation or people as a whole’ (Jackson 2007, 22). Jackson’s historical account asserts that while the locus of sovereignty changes over time, the basic tenets of political life remained stable: [T]he land surface of the planet is partitioned into a number of separate bordered territories, †¦ a certain de terminate authority is supreme over all other authorities in each territory, and †¦ those supreme authorities are independent of all foreign authorities. (Jackson 2007, 22) For the present argument, however, what is crucial is the locus of sovereignty: the trajectory from absolutist rulers enthroned by the will of all, as stipulated in Hobbes or Bodin (cf. Hobbes 2008; Bodin 1962), to the notion of ‘popular sovereignty’ (cf. Jackson 2007, 78ff.), in which â€Å"the people† hold sovereignty. It is evident in the answer given to the question for who is entitled to sovereignty: in the notion of popular sovereignty, ‘the authority of the final word resides in the political will or consent of the people of an independent state’ (Jackson 2007, 78). This shift in the understanding of self-determination – from a theoretical self-determination as can be found in Hobbes, where people surrender their sovereignty to the Leviathan voluntarily in order to overcome the primordial state of nature and war of all against all, to the factual self-determination of a nation – is of prime importance for the lasting influence of the concept of sovereignty. But how can this change in conceiving the locus of sovereignty be conceptualised? The shift sheds light on the ‘polemical’ dimension of sovereignty, which surfaces in its its deployment not as a ‘marker of an entity’s sociological thickness but of the needs of present politics’ (Koskenniemi 2010, 232). From this follows a concept of sovereignty operating on two different levels, namely as a term which ‘simultaneously invokes the registers of both description and prescription’ (Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 8). It can be employed both in order to analyse a certain status quo and to express a normative dimension, a desire for a certain outcome. It thus points to the present and the past as well as to the future. Therefore, i t is invested with a fundamentally political dimension, which makes it subject to interpretation. The space opened up by this contestability can be seen as a crucial factor for the longevity of the concept: appealing to sovereignty can serve both to repress and justify absolutist rule and to demand emancipation. It is crucially related to the idea of agency, to the question of who de facto holds and exerts sovereignty, and who is seen to be actually entitled to it. In the course of the twentieth century, for instance, the appeal to self-determination served colonised peoples to demand an end to European imperialism (cf. Jackson 2007, 76). While ‘[i]n the mid-twentieth century the â€Å"self† in self-determination was juridical and territory-focused more often that [sic] it was sociological and people-focused’ (Jackson 2007, 106), the national liberation movements of the second half of the century were built on the right to assert a certain, i.e. national , self-determination. At this juncture, another crucial aspect of sovereignty surfaces, namely the issue of accountability. It manifests itself in the notion of consent expressed by the governed towards those governing. In a representative democracy, consent is volatile and can be both confirmed and withdrawn in the course of elections. This process is to guarantee that the government consistently takes into account the public will – a relation which in the parts of the world colonised by European states was obviously not given (cf. Jackson 2007, 76). Accordingly, the appeal both to self-determination and to the requirement of consent by the governed – democratic accountability – form part of the discourse on sovereignty. This discursive dynamic with which the concept of sovereignty is invested provides a clear view on why it has proved to be as long-lasting. II. Sovereignty beyond the state From those considerations one can deduct a notion of sovereignty as a discursive instrument serving different causes in the hands of different actors. The profoundly political character of appealing to sovereignty can be considered a strong explanation of the powerful role the concept of sovereignty still plays. This can be further explored with reference to the approach developed by Cynthia Weber in Simulating Sovereignty (1995). The work is conceived against the backdrop of the perceived ignorance on behalf of most of International Relations scholars as regards the concept’s historicity (cf. Weber 1995, 2) – a critique in which resonates Rousseau’s dictum that ‘the Sovereign, by the mere fact that it is, is always everything it ought to be’ (Rousseau 1997, 52). I would argue that the critique launched by Weber emerges precisely from the political dimension of sovereignty, a dimension she sees obscured in the mainstream discourse which begs the question as to how a community is constituted (cf. Weber 1995, 8). This again touches on the problematic regarding the notion of â€Å"the people†: how is this abstract entity, which by no means corresponds to the empirical population (cf. Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 11), to be conceived? For Weber, who crucially draws on the work of Baudrillard, especially his Symbolic Exchange and Death (1988), considering this question must take into account the profound change from a ‘logic of representation’ to a ‘logic of simulation’ (Weber 1995, 127), which occurs during the second half of the twentieth century. While the first logic implies the production of an original truth which sovereignty can refer to and which enables political representation (cf. Weber 1995, 123f.), the second logic prevails once the credibility of traditional referents such as â€Å"god† or â€Å"the people† has vanished. Truth is not produced anymore, but †™seduced’ (Weber 1995, 125). Weber examines the logic of representation for the relation between sovereignty and several twentieth century military interventions, that is, actual violations of sovereignty. Through the very violation of sovereignty in a specific case, however, the concept itself is reproduced. The conceptual pair sovereignty/intervention creates a boundary which ‘produces, represents, or writes the state’ (Weber 1995, 125). In a logic of simulation, in contrast, the sovereignty/intervention boundary collapses and is replaced by an interchangeability of both, giving way to the emergence of a new term Weber calls â€Å"sovereigntyintervention† (Weber 1995, 127). This shift creates the need for the ‘simulation’ of this boundary, in order to keep up the concept of the state and sovereignty itself. Weber illuminates this with regard to the US intervention in Panama, which essentially obliterated the difference between sov ereignty and intervention. With Baudrillard, Weber argues that an ‘abili [sic, read: alibi] function’ is deployed, a function which is based on self-referentiality and the closed circulation of interchangeable signifiers (Weber 1995, 128). In a vain ‘to rescue the â€Å"reality principle†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Weber 1995, 128, cf. Baudrillard 1988, 2), in this case, the reality of sovereignty, intervention is appealed to. Weber describes the resulting circular relation as follows: For intervention to be meaningful, sovereignty must exist because intervention implies a violation of sovereignty. To speak of intervention, then, is to suggest that sovereignty does exist. In Baudrillard’s terms, intervention or transgression proves sovereignty or the law. (Weber 1995, 128f.) From this Baudrillardian perspective the persistence of the concept of sovereignty can be explained as an attempt to perpetuate first referents in a time in which those referents have l ost their foundation. Against the backdrop of the non-existence of â€Å"the people†, the appeal to sovereignty can only remain credible if it occurs within a network of other concepts. However, each of those other concepts in itself depends on being embedded in a network of signifiers, thus creating the above mentioned self-referentiality: there is nothing beyond the sign, it is pure simulation: a network of simulacra. From this Weber concludes that ‘[i]nvestigating state sovereignty †¦ requires investigating how states are simulated’ (Weber 1995, 129). Those displacements of the discursive use of the concept of sovereignty reflect its prolonged attraction. In other words, returning to the above mentioned ambiguity as regards its use (it can be employed to describe as well as to prescribe), sovereignty’s very texture has been characterised as ‘sponge-concept’ (Bartelson 1995, 237), from which derives an ‘uncertainty about what sovereignty is’ (Walker 1995, 27). Therefore, Kalmo and Skinner hold that if sovereignty is conceived of ‘as an argument, as a claim to authority, than there is no sense at all in which it can be â€Å"reduced† (Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 7). This brings us back to my argument as to the importance of the factors of self-determination and democratic accountability. First, precisely because self-determination has no empirical referent, but depends on invoking an abstract â€Å"people†, this people’s sovereignty can never be achieved, and therefore has to be appealed to persistently. In the hands of different actors it takes different shapes and refers to different aims, but it always has a prescriptive dimension. The same holds, second, for democratic accountability. Consent is never fixed, because â€Å"the people† who articulates this consent are not. Accordingly, democratic accountability is instable, too, as the governing have to take into account the possibility of the popular consent being withdrawn. The appeal to sovereignty by the multitude, Hardt and Negri (2000), for instance, hold, is floating, and per definition as ‘inconclusive [a] constitutive relation’ as the multitude itself (Hardt and Negri 2000, 103). One answer to the question for the ongoing impact of the concept of sovereignty therefore is that it is an ‘argumentative resource’ (Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 24), while the credibility of its functioning as an analytical tool erodes. Conclusion The Baudrillardian theoretical construct is geared to devaluate all â€Å"traditional† ways of conceptualising sovereignty, as here it is subsumed under a theoretical framework in which simulation has substituted all â€Å"reality†. Yet it provides an enriching perspective on the discursive character of the concept of sovereignty, and therefore helps understanding the persistence of its use. The very intangibility of the concepts sovereignty refers to, be it â€Å"the people† or â€Å"consent†, leaves open a gap which contestation can pierce into. My argument showed that those referents of sovereignty, however, are mediated through the factors self-determination and democratic accountability, which therefore provide the essential link through which the discourse on sovereignty proceeds. Accordingly, while the Baudrillardian perspective developed by Weber mainly looks at the appeals to sovereignty by states themselves, it can also serve emancipatory movements for articulating political demands. What can be said in conclusion, then, is that the very ambiguity of the concept of sovereignty as expressed in the demand for self-determination, for instance, is what made and makes it successful. Bibliography Bartelson J 1995, A Genealogy of Sovereignty, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Baudrillard J 1988, ‘Symbolic Exchange and Death’, in: idem., Poster M (ed. and intr.), Selected Writings, pp. 119-148, Stanford: Stanford UP. Bodin J 1962, The Six Bookes of a Commonweale ,McRae K D (ed.), Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Grimm , D 2009, Souverà ¤nità ¤t. Herkunft und Zukunft eines Schlà ¼sselbegriffs , Berlin: Berlin UP.Hobbes T 2008, Leviathan, Gaskin J C A (ed.), Oxford: Oxford UP. Hardt M and Negri A 2000, Empire, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Jackson R 2007, Sovereignty: The Evolution of an Idea, Cambridge, Malden, Mass.: Polity. Kalmo H and Skinner Q 2010, ‘Introduction: a concept in fragments’, in: idem., Sovereignty in fragments: the past, present and future of a contested concept, pp. 1-25, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Koskenniemi M 2010, ‘Conclusion. vocabularies of sovereignty – powers of a paradox’, in: Kalmo H and Skinner Q (eds.), Sovereignty in fragments: the past, present and future of a contested concept, pp. 222-242, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Philpott D 2014, ‘Sovereignty’, in: Zalta E N (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition), URL https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/sovereignty, accessed 08 Feb. 15. Rousseau J J 1997, The social contract and other later political writings, Gourevitch V (ed.), Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Walker R B J 1995, ‘From International Relations to World Politics’ in: Camilleri J A, Jarvis A P and Pasolini A J (eds.), The State in Transition: Reimagining Political Space, pp. 21–38, Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner. Weber, C 1995, Simulating Sovereignty, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP.

Features of and Barriers to Communication - 1338 Words

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Organizations And Its Impact On Society Essay - 2207 Words

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Descriptive and symbolic Essay Example For Students

Descriptive and symbolic Essay Film is different to theatre for many reasons, one of them being the fact that film is more realistic to the eye where as theatre is more descriptive and symbolic. As a result of this the film, The Shawshank redemption can make you more aware of how harshly prisoners were treated. Directors can use real places like prisons, and cells to really get the story across, where as with theatre there is just one stage and you are very limited as to what you can do to make it seem like the actors are actually there. Now that I have watched and researched the film The Shawshank redemption I can relate the characters and issues to the play we are currently working on in class. The main thing that stands out to me is the physical barrier in both stories. The prison gates are what is stopping Andy and Red from freedom. They are unable to see there families and do the usual day to day life things, such as taking a walk wherever they like, staying out until as late as they want, eating and sleeping at there own accord. This is similar to the family in our play because of the Berlin wall. Its stopping them from seeing their family, they live in fear of being shot in case they are caught suspicious around the wall. They dont feel free because of this huge block in the middle of there country. They feel trapped and incapable of moving the barrier that is stopping them from freedom, much like Dufresne. The prisoners in Shawshank love to be able to have a drink, its the one time they feel like free men. Much like the character of Franz in our play.  He is an unhappy man and drinking is his way of coping with the reality of the Berlin wall.  At the end of our play, the youngest boy Peter in attempt to cross the wall gets caught and shot. At the very same moment he had got freedom he got shot down, and it was all taken away. This resembles the prisoners that got paroled or freed from Shawshank. As soon as they got everything that they wanted, they couldnt cope and ended up committing suicide. In our 15 minute play we will use a variety of lighting techniques to help give the effect of day or night, or for example setting a cosy scene in the living room. We will use freeze-frames and black outs on one side of the room and on the other have the current scene lit up, going back and forth to show how both families are coping on opposite sides of the Berlin wall.  In conclusion, what I hope to learn from this project is how to improvise and how to use techniques with lighting and stage props. In my last play I didnt have as many lines because I played a smaller role. I hope that by the end of this piece I will have more confidence in being able to play more complex and important roles and will be able to work even better in a group.

Mitsubishi and Sony companies

Introduction A business report is meant to provide investors and other stakeholders with information that is important in running a particular business. Specifically, business reports give the stakeholders an idea on the status of their investment. These reports also highlight problems encountered by the business. They also contain the strategic plans that will be put in place to solve the problems in the future.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mitsubishi and Sony companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is an evaluation of two companies’ annual reports. The paper takes into consideration all factors in business reporting, such as services, products, the environment, and the internal and external stakeholders. The paper will be based on the annual reports of Mitsubishi and Sony companies. The two companies have come up with reports to create awareness among all the stakeholders. This is as fa r as corporate social responsibility (herein referred to as CSR) in the two companies is concerned. The reports also address the CSR strategies that the companies are planning to undertake The Report Scope and Limitations of the Report This paper will focus on the differences between the reports of the two companies. This is in terms of the range of issues dealt with in the reports and how these issues are addressed. Specifically, the report will cover the following issues: Explain the differences between the reports of the two companies in terms of such factors as country and industry of focus. Assess the quality of reporting in the two companies based on Zadek’s 1997 criteria (Zhong 2009). Evaluate the appropriateness of using standardised reporting procedures in the two companies. Make recommendations on how each of the two reports can be improved. The need for such improvements will also be highlighted. These are addressed below: Identifying the Differences between the Reports of the Two Companies in Terms of the Range of Issues Dealt with and how the Issues are Addressed In this section, the author will try to identify the issues addressed by the two companies in their respective reports. The author will also try to analyse how each of the two companies address these issues. Mitsubishi Materials’ CSR Report for the Year 2011 A critical analysis of the report reveals that it was intended to provide information to investors and other parties interested in Mitsubishi Materials Group. It was also formulated to create awareness on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities undertaken by the Mitsubishi Materials Group.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report was structured using clear, precise, and simple language. This is to make it easier for the stakeholders to understand (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). It is also noted that the report covers nine different areas that were selected to highlight the best strategies to acquire materials in the 2008 fiscal year. The report has gone a step further to elaborate on the company’s medium-term management plan, which was put in place on August 2011. Additionally, it addresses the initiatives taken by the group to deal with the damage caused by the infamous ‘Great East Japan Earthquake’ and its devastating effects. The report is not a mere summary of the company’s CSR initiatives. On the contrary, the report is aimed at improving and diversifying these initiatives. To this end, the report is presented in a precise and accurate way to provide the reader with relevant and meaningful information that is significant for the growth of the company. The report meets the requirements of the Global Reporting Initiative (herein referred to as GRI). This is required given that the company is affiliated to CCMM (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). The dis closure of information touching on the company’s operations is not limited to the report on material CSR. It is noted that information about the company can also be found in the CSR section of the company’s website. This is all aimed at effectively reporting on the company’s extensive CSR activities. An undiscerning reader may form the opinion that the report focuses more on 2011 fiscal year than on any other period. This is not the case, given that the report has incorporated information related to activities before and after that time. Being a member of the ICMM, Mitsubishi has assumed the responsibility of publishing the Metals Company Supplementary Data Book, which is a significant online report that extensively reviews the undertakings of various metal companies. This is all aimed at enhancing full disclosure of information in the industry (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). The review also addresses the actions taken by the company’s three smelting subsi diaries. These are Hosokura Metal Mining Co. Ltd., Onahama Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd. (Sony Global 2012), and PT Smelting in Indonesia.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mitsubishi and Sony companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has adhered to version 3.0 of the Global Reporting Initiative’s (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. The report contains a disclaimer to the effect that any individual wishing to invest in the company on the basis of the information provided in the report will be held liable to any damage or losses accruing thereof. This is given that such a decision should be personal. Sony’s Annual Report for the Year 2012- Business and CSR Review The report is structured in such a way that it provides the reader with information on the company’s activities during the 2011 fiscal year. The report addresses the company’s corporate social responsibilit y initiatives, as well as the business and investment initiatives taken. The report also introduces the new CEO and president of the company, Kazuo Hirai. The company provides information on the three major businesses that it is running. These are electronics, financial services, and entertainment. The financial and entertainment sectors recorded a positive growth. It is also noted that the two sectors are expected to grow further in the future (Sony Global 2012). However, the electronics market is unpredictable. The proceeds from the electronics sector were relatively low as a result of the effects of product commoditisation. This is in addition to the effects of the deteriorating foreign exchange rates. It is for this reason that the biggest task for the incoming CEO should be to reposition and reconstruct the electronics business. It is a matter of urgency as far as the stakeholders are concerned. Sony Corporation has a reputation for ground breaking innovations and products, as well as high quality entertainment services. The company has over the years inspired many investors. Its scope of operations and methodology has made various stakeholders very curious. However, it is noted that the group now aims at revolutionising its most valuable resource, which is the Sony’s DNA. This is the strong will, ability, and desire to come up with high quality products and services. This has been in place since the inception of the company. The group now aims at ensuring that every employee owns and expresses the Sony DNA individually so as to enhance growth of the company (Sony Global 2012). In the fiscal year 2011, the company’s operations, especially in the electronics field, were adversely affected by the earlier mentioned Great East Japan Earthquake. This is together with the infamous Thailand floods of 2011. The situation was made worse by the economic crisis that negatively affected many foreign currencies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This in turn led to a decrease in the prices of the goods and services offered by the company. The company recorded an operation’s loss of approximately 67.3 billion Yen. This is in comparison to the 199.8 billion Yen in the previous fiscal year. This was as a result of the decline in the net sales. The company also reported on the measures put in place to address such situations in the future. This is especially so the measures put in place to revamp the electronics business. The directors expressed the need to act fast and decisively to restore the company’s lost glory and improve its performance. Included in the report was the corporate strategy adopted by the company. This is in efforts to restore the entity. The company identified various core areas of operation. The main pillars that were identified included digital imaging, games, and mobile business. These were identified as the key areas in restructuring the electronics business. The business highlights was an other significant area that was addressed by the report. It was noted that consolidated sales were decreasing from one year to the other due to the unfavourable effects of the deteriorating foreign exchange rates. This is in addition to the shrinking of the markets in developed countries, as well as the Great East Japan Earthquake and the floods in Thailand among other catastrophes (Sony Global 2012). There were also the operation losses incurred during that period. This led to a huge net loss on the part of the Sony Corporation’s stockholders. As part of the company’s CSR initiatives, the management entered into an agreement with Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, stage name ‘Lady Gaga’, a singer and song writer. It is noted that this artist had performed really well in the past. She received financial assistance from the company. The report also provides the reader with information on the performance of the company’s shares in the market. The fig ure below is an excerpt from the report: Figure 1: Sony Global’s Stock Information Adapted from: Sony Global 2012 An Analysis of the Differences between the Two Reports in Terms of Country and Industry Based Factors Mitsubishi Report The company mainly focuses on the manufacture and distribution of products that address the social aspects of the community. It aims at providing the most basic needs for individuals in the society. This is to help them survive or make their life better (Mobile Reference 2010). It is for this reason that the company has invested heavily by assisting the victims of the earthquake. There is also the copper mining business that the company is involved in. The Copper Mountain Mine rejuvenation project was initiated in 2009. However, actual mining has been taking place since 1996. The corporation is aiming at mining as many minerals as possible. It has invested heavily in the sector (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). The company has also made initiative s to recycle waste materials and come up with products that are useful to the community (Tsimhoni et al. 2005a). At the company’s Kyushu cement plant, plans are underway to start recycling incinerated ash from the waste generated by the municipal council. The project was supposed to begin on April 2012. This will solve the environmental crisis that is likely to result from the process of melting ash into slag. The company is also involved in the metal smelting business. It is currently putting in place plans to recycle scrap metal. The company has also put in place measures to safeguard and protect the environment. It is committed to the creation of a self sustaining community. It is as a result of this that the company initiated the Eco Contest award scheme, which aims at recognising and awarding the most efficient and outstanding ideas and contributions in the development of a low carbon or recycling-oriented society. In the first Eco Contest Award Ceremony held in April 20 11, there were a total of ten award categories (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). Sony Report The Sony Company is known for its ability to manufacture and distribute high quality products. Moreover, the company is well known for the high quality entertainment services. The company has diversified its operations by coming up with innovative hardware. As a result, the company has a remarkable collection of film, games’ content, and music (Lyons 2006). The Sony Group has vast interests in the electronics business. However, during the 2011 fiscal year, the business was facing many challenges. As such, the profits declined. This was largely instigated by the deteriorating foreign exchange rates and the competition brought about by product commoditisation. It is for this reason that the group finds it very important to act swiftly and restore the lost glory. The group is also trying to put in place measures that will revamp the industry. The company has identified several key areas in the electronics business. These are digital imaging, gaming (Andresen 2002), and mobile operations. As a result of this, the company will focus its investments in these areas. Sony is going a step higher by engaging in activities that are more innovative than those undertaken by the various competitors. The activities are likely to improve the performance of the company. This is through the growth of set apart technology, which is better placed to improve the quality of the products. One of the company’s major undertakings is in the medical field. Currently, this involves the production and supply of printers, cameras, monitors, and other peripheral products specifically designed for the medical field (Hockerts 2008). The Sony Group is also engaged in the provision of financial services. This sector is expected to record a positive growth. This is considering the performance of this sector in the recent past. In an effort to uphold high standards of operations and maintain a sound financial standing, the various companies under the group’s umbrella have continued to provide high quality financial products. This is through the adoption of an inventive business model. The companies include Sony Financial Holdings, Sony Life Insurance Co. (Zhong 2009), Sony Bank Inc., and Sony Assurance (Tsimhoni et al. 2005b). Sony Life, for instance, has maintained its successful operations with a lot of ease. As a result, it has recorded an increase in its ‘policy sum in force’ (Ohga 2008). The company has attained this through its enhanced interaction with the customers. It is also able to design and sell customised life insurance products that appeal to the clientele. According to Guerrier (1999), Sony Assurance enjoys a broad spectrum of customers as a result of its reasonable premiums. This is in addition to its segmented risk and high quality services that have led to increased market share. Discussion Inclusivity An inclusive report focuses on all aspects of a given agenda. For instance, an inclusive report will take into consideration such factors as services, products, and the environment within which the company is operating. It will also take into consideration both internal and external stakeholders (Mitsubishi Zaidan 2009). To this end, Mitsubishi has designed its report to create awareness among all stakeholders in an inclusive manner. This is especially so with respect to the CSR initiatives that the company is planning to take (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). In the report, the management talks about the employees and their overall approach to CSR. Moreover, the report highlights the framework used by the company to promote CSR and corporate governance. In addition, the report talks about the company’s medium term management plan, which runs from 2012 to 2014 (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). This adequately informs all stakeholders on what to expect (Mitsubishi Motors 1985). The company has highlighted other i ssues in its report. The report addresses the important role played by the society in providing resources. In addition, the report highlights the importance of the environment. It also mentions the company’s efforts in combating global warming, as well as the company’s promotion of eco- friendly products and technology. At the end of the day, Mitsubishi report can be considered as inclusive, given that it mentions and takes into consideration almost all the aspects of an annual report (Mishima 2009). However, Sony’s report is more inclusive than that of Mitsubishi. It starts by introducing the company’s envisaged corporate strategy. Though this can be compared to the strategic management plan adopted by Mitsubishi, Sony’s corporate strategy stands out. This is given that it features some of the company’s products. In addition to this, Sony addresses the issue of management and its overall approach to CSR. This is under the internal stakehold ers section. The report also highlights the major areas in the corporate strategy, which will transform the company’s future. Moreover, the report highlights the framework that will be adopted to promote CSR and corporate governance. This adequately informs all stakeholders. It also helps them appreciate the efforts made by the management (Choquette Turnbull 2002). Just like in the case of Mitsubishi, Sony highlights other issues in its report. The report takes into consideration the important role played by the society in enhancing the performance of the company. In addition, the report highlights the importance of the environment. It also addresses the efforts made by the company to improve resource management and address issues pertaining to climate change. This is in addition to the company’s promotion of eco- friendly products and technology, as well as effective chemical- substance management (Barney Griffith 2002). This being the case, Sony Company’s an nual report can be considered to be more inclusive as compared to that of Mitsubishi (Wray 2004). Comparability In reporting, comparability can be conceptualised as the fair and balanced presentation of issues. It is important for a company’s report to be as comparative as possible by addressing all the concerns (Stout 2010). For example, it is important to mention the company’s corporate strategy, future management plan, and other issues affecting the company directly or indirectly. All of this should be covered adequately (Andresen 2002). For instance, apart from providing information on the losses incurred by the company as a result of the Great North Japan Earthquake, the reports of the two companies are optimistic about the future. The reports also express support for environmental conservation. This is through the promotion of eco-friendly products and technology. Sony has outdone Mitsubishi in comparativeness. As mentioned above, the report highlights the import ance of the environment. It also addresses the efforts made by the company in improving resource management, as well as issues pertaining to climate change (Pfarrer 2010). This is in addition to the company’s promotion of eco-friendly products and technology, as well as effective chemical- substance management. In addition, the report takes into consideration the importance of the society in providing resources. Completeness In report writing, completeness is achieved through detailed description of the subjects addressed. Specifically, completeness describes the exhaustiveness of the subjects in question (Poitras 2011). Generally, it is not easy to ascertain the completeness of a particular report. This is given that such an analysis addresses the exhaustiveness of the subjects highlighted in the report (Sony 2000). It is also important to note that completeness is different from inclusivity and comparability (Hays 1999). The Sony Company’s annual report may be ahead of Mitsubishi’s as far as inclusivity and comparability are concerned. However, both companies have effectively and exhaustively tackled the issues mentioned in their reports. Evolution, Continuous Improvement, Management Policies, and Systems It is important to mention the company’s vision and the strategic plans that have been put in place to cope with the changes in the world in the annual report (Thoreau 2007). On the one hand, Mitsubishi has put in place a solid management plan that runs up to 2014 (Cosans 2012). The plan aims at reconstructing the company and improving its products by making them friendly to the environment. On the other hand, Sony reports on the measures put in place to address future issues and to revamp the electronics business. The management expresses the need to act fast and decisively in order to restore the company’s lost glory. The company’s corporate strategy was also included in the report. This is the strategy aimed at r ehabilitating the company. As already indicated in this paper, the company identified the core areas of operation. Digital imaging, games, and mobile operations were identified as core businesses in the company. These were identified as the major ingredients of the plan to restructure the electronic business. Disclosure Disclosure is important in report writing. It is meant to ‘inclusively’ create awareness among all the stakeholders (Wilcke 2012) as far as CSR initiatives are concerned. In the case of disclosure, information provided by the company is not restricted to the corporate social responsibility section of the report. This is given the fact that more information can be found in the CSR section in the company’s website. This is an indication of the fact that the company has embraced technology in a bid to effectively report on the various CSR initiatives taken (Atkin 2004). The Need for a Standardised Method of Reporting As earlier mentioned in this pape r, a business report is meant to provide information that is crucial in making decisions in a given company. The management provides a highlight of the problems that were faced within a given period and how such problems were addressed. Recommendations for future operations are also provided. However, it is important to note that it is difficult to compare investments made by different companies. This is given the different reporting strategies adopted by different companies (Frisch 2004). Therefore, a standardised reporting model will make it easier to determine the operational procedures (Chang 2008), commercial objectives, business management models, as well as the perceived enterprise viability in different companies (Fukasaku 2002). Recommendations and Conclusion In this section of the report, the author will make recommendations on how to improve the future operations of the two companies. The weaknesses and strengths will be identified. This is in addition to the strategies t hat can be adopted to address the weaknesses and exploit the strengths. Recommendations for Sony Repetition is very common in advertising. However, it is not wise to keep repeating information about products when writing a report (Barnett 2009a). Instead, the company should try to provide investors with information that is more important to them, such as cash flow strategy, debt market conditions, and acquisitions. Recommendations for Mitsubishi Mitsubishi should note that the compilation of annual reports needs inputs from various stakeholders. These are contributions and inputs from a wide range of stakeholders with varying reporting and operating preferences (Barnett 2009b). This being the case, Mitsubishi should make deliberate efforts to combine the contributions from both internal and external stakeholders. This is in order to come up with a comprehensive and highly integrated document. References Andresen, CA 2002, A short history of Japan from Samurai to Sony, Allen Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW. Atkin, D 2004, Sony clieÃŒ  for dummies. Web. Barnett, S 2009a, Sony A200. Web. Barnett, S 2009b, Sony A300/A350. Web. Barney, JB Griffin, RW 2002, The management of organizations, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Chang, SJ 2008, Sony vs. Samsung: the inside story of the electronics giants’ battle for global supremacy, Wiley, Singapore. Choquette, M Turnbull, PL 2002, Emerging practices in CSR management, Conference Board of Canada, Ottawa. Cosans, HW 2012, Business reports, McGraw-Hill, London. Frisch, A 2004, The story of Sony, Smart Apple Media, North Mankato, Minn. Fukasaku, Y 2002, Technology and industrial development in pre-war Japan Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard, 1884-1934, Routledge, London. Guerrier, 1999, Gle ACC Twe 1st year 2000 Peachtree complete accounting, McGraw-Hill Education, London. Hays, SR 1999, The story of Sony, Smart Apple Media, Mankato, Minn. Hockerts, K 2008, An overview of CSR practices: response benchmarking report, CBS Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Fredericksburg. Lyons, N 2006, The Sony vision, Crown Publishers, New York. Mishima, Y 2009, The Mitsubishi: its challenge and strategy, JAI Press, Greenwich, Conn. Mitsubishi Corporation 2010, Mitsubishi Corporation. Web. Mitsubishi Motors 1985, Mitsubishi Motors collection, Free Press, New York. Mitsubishi Zaidan 2009, Annual reports, Mitsubishi Co., Tokyo. Mobile Reference 2010, Sony reader daily edition survival guide step-by-step user guide for Sony reader; using hidden features and downloading free ebooks, Mobile Reference, Boston. Ohga, N 2008, Doing it our way: a Sony memoir, International House of Japan, Tokyo. Pfarrer, PU 2010, Operating businesses in a competitive market, McGraw-Hill, London. Poitras, NE 2011, Business reporting in western nations, Lee-Gee, London. Sony 2000, Headphone stereo, Sony, Japan. Sony Global 2012, Sony Global – Sony Global Headquarters. Web. Stout, NN 2010, Business reporting in contemporary society, McGraw-Hill, New York. Thoreau, HD 2007, Price of freedom: economical philosophy from Thoreau’s journals, Createspace, London. Tsimhoni, O Green, P Yoo, H 2005a, Effects of visual demand and in-vehicle task complexity on driving and task performance as assessed by visual occlusion, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Mich. Tsimhoni, O Green, P Yoo, H 2005b, Destination entry while driving: speech recognition versus a touch-screen keyboard, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Human Factors Division, Ann Arbor, MI. Wilcke, NM 2012, Writing business reports, Free Press, New York. Wray, WD 2004, Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K., 1870-1914: business strategy in the Japanese shipping industry, Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Zhong, H 2009, Zhongguo qi ye she hui ze ren bao gao bian xie zhi nan (CASS-CSR 1.0), Free Press, London. 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